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Hot springs and geysers
Tectonic activity & hazards > Volcanoes > Hot springs and geysers
Formation
Geysers normally consist of a small surface vent connected to underground reservoirs and hot rock heated by magma
Cool surface water seeps through the ground and begins to fill the geyser
The water at the bottom of the geyser begins to heat up, but the narrow vent prevents convection and the pressure of the cooler water on top prevents the hotter water from escaping so the water becomes superheated
Eventually, the water near the bottom boils and bubbles rise to the surface
Water splashing out reduces the pressure, allowing the superheated water to boil violently, causing the steam & water to spray out of the geyser vent
In hot springs, the water sits on the surface rather than gushing out