Tectonic activity & hazards
Tectonic plates
Distribution and types
Plate boundaries
Landforms
Economic opportunities and adaptations - Case study: the Andes
Volcanoes
Shield & composite volcanoes
Hotspots
Hot springs and geysers
Case study: Eyjafjallajökull 2010
Supervolcanoes
Earthquakes - case study
Location and cause
Features
LEDC - Haiti, 2010
MEDC - Christchurch, 2011
Prediction, preparation and protection
Tsunamis
Case study: Indian Ocean, 2004
Ecosystems and global environments
Components of an ecosystem
Biomes
Temperate deciduous forest
Tropical rainforest
Hot desert
Temperate deciduous forest - case study: Epping forest
Tropical rainforest - case study: Malaysian rainforest
Overview
Deforestation
Sustainable rainforest management
Economic opportunities in hot deserts - case study
LEDC - Thar desert
MEDC - Sonoran desert
River processes
The shape of river valleys
Fluvial processes
Distinctive landforms
The fluctuating amount of water in a river
Flooding
Impacts & responses - case study
LEDC - North India floods, 2013
MEDC - Central Europe floods, 2013
River management
Water transfer - Case study: China south-north water transfer project
Contemporary Population Issues
World population
National population
Population growth
Demographic transition
Population pyramids
Sustainable population growth - Case study
Problems
China's one-child policy
Kerala
Ageing population
Advantages & disadvantages
Case study: France
Population movements
Causes and impacts
Economic movements within the EU - case study - Poland to the UK
Refugee movements to the EU - case study: Afghanistan to the UK
Contemporary issues in urban settlements
Urbanisation
Urban land use in MEDCs
Probems in MEDCs
General
Traffic management - Case study: London
Inner city regeneration - Case study: London Docklands
Rapid Urbanisation
Development of squatter settlements
Case study: Dharavi
Problems and management
Sustainable urban living
Characteristics
Case study: Sino-Singapore Tianjin eco-city
Geographical skills
Cartographic skills
Graphical skills
Hotspots
Tectonic activity & hazards > Volcanoes > Hotspots
A hotspot is a volcanic region thought to be fed by underlying mantle that is anomalously hot, and may be near or far from plate boundaries
They are hypothesised to be caused by hot mantle plumes that rise as thermal diapirs from the mantle-core boundary
They are believed to be fixed as the plate moves over them, which is supported by places like the Hawaiian hotspot, which lies at the end of a chain of islands that become progressively older to the north-west